UGC NET International Studies Syllabus 2025-26 — Complete Unit-wise Guide

International Studies is an interdisciplinary subject combining Political Science, History, Economics, and Law at the global level. The UGC NET syllabus (Subject Code 63) tests a candidate's understanding of world affairs, diplomatic history, IR theory, and contemporary global challenges. This guide provides a thorough unit-wise breakdown for 2025–26 aspirants.

Exam Pattern — UGC NET International Studies

Unit 1: Theories and Approaches in International Relations

This unit forms the conceptual backbone of the entire subject. Candidates must understand major IR paradigms in depth.

Classical Theories

• Idealism/Liberalism: Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points; League of Nations; democratic peace theory; Norman Angell; interdependence theory (Keohane & Nye); neoliberal institutionalism; liberalism's three pillars — democracy, commerce, international law.
• Realism: Thucydides; Morgenthau's six principles of political realism; national interest defined in terms of power; balance of power; security dilemma (Herz); classical realism vs. structural realism.
• Neorealism (Structural Realism): Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (1979); anarchy as structure; distribution of capabilities; offensive vs. defensive realism (Mearsheimer).
• Neoliberal Institutionalism: Keohane's After Hegemony; institutions reduce transaction costs; complex interdependence.

Critical and Post-Positivist Theories

• Constructivism: Alexander Wendt — "Anarchy is what states make of it"; identity, norms, and social construction of interests; norm life-cycle (Finnemore & Sikkink).
• Marxism/Critical Theory: Dependency theory (Cardoso, Frank); world-systems theory (Wallerstein); Gramsci's hegemony; Frankfurt School; Cox's critical IR theory.
• Feminist IR: Cynthia Enloe; Ann Tickner; gendering of security, war, and diplomacy; liberal, socialist, and poststructuralist feminisms.
• Post-structuralism / Postcolonialism: Derrida, Foucault in IR; discourse analysis; subaltern studies; Fanon; non-Western IR theories.
• English School: Bull's Anarchical Society; international society; primary institutions (sovereignty, diplomacy, war, balance of power, great power management).

Unit 2: Foreign Policy Analysis

• Levels of Analysis: Individual (leaders, psychology — prospect theory, cognitive biases), domestic (public opinion, interest groups, legislature, bureaucracy), systemic (polarity, hegemony, interdependence).
• Decision-Making Models: Rational actor model; organisational process model (Allison, Model II); governmental politics model (Allison, Model III).
• Foreign Policy Instruments: Diplomacy, economic tools (sanctions, aid, trade agreements), military (deterrence, coercion, force), information/soft power (Nye's sharp power vs. soft power).
• India's Foreign Policy: Panchsheel (1954); Non-Alignment Movement (NAM, 1961 Belgrade); Gujral Doctrine (1996); Look East / Act East Policy; Neighbourhood First; Indo-Pacific vision; nuclear doctrine (No First Use); S. Jaishankar's multi-alignment concept.
• US Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine; Truman Doctrine; containment (Kennan); Carter Doctrine; Bush Doctrine (pre-emption); Obama's "rebalancing to Asia"; Trump's "America First"; Biden's democracy vs. autocracy framing.
• China's Foreign Policy: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence; "peaceful rise"; Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); Wolf Warrior diplomacy; Taiwan Strait; South China Sea claims (nine-dash line); AIIB, SCO.

Unit 3: International Organisations and Global Governance

• United Nations System: Charter (1945, 51 founding members → 193 today); principal organs — General Assembly, Security Council (P5 + 10 elected), Secretariat, ICJ, ECOSOC, Trusteeship Council; UNGA resolutions (non-binding); UNSC resolutions (Chapter VII — binding); Responsibility to Protect (R2P, 2005 World Summit).
• UN Specialised Agencies: UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP; IMF, World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID).
• WTO: GATT → WTO (1995); MFN and national treatment principles; dispute settlement mechanism; Doha Development Round; recent issues (agricultural subsidies, digital trade, India's stance).
• Regional Organisations: EU (Single Market, Eurozone, EU institutions — Commission, Council, Parliament, ECB); ASEAN (1967, 10 members, ASEAN Way); AU (2002); OAS; Arab League; SAARC; SCO; BRICS (+ Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, 2024).
• Global Governance Gaps: Reform of UNSC (G4 proposal — India, Brazil, Japan, Germany); climate finance gap; AI governance; pandemic preparedness (post-COVID-19 WHO reforms).

Unit 4: Regional Studies

South Asia

• India-Pakistan relations: partition, Kashmir dispute (UN resolutions 47/1948), Simla Agreement (1972), Kargil War (1999), LOC; nuclear tests (1998); terrorism; trade normalisation attempts; SAARC deadlock.
• India-China relations: 1962 war, Panchsheel, boundary dispute (LAC — Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh), Doklam standoff (2017), Galwan clash (2020), disengagement process.
• India-Bangladesh: Teesta water dispute, Rohingya crisis, BCIM corridor.
• Sri Lanka: Tamil ethnic conflict, LTTE, post-war reconciliation; 2022 economic crisis; Chinese debt trap debate.

East Asia and Pacific

• China-US: Trade war (2018), technology decoupling, Taiwan Strait tensions, Hong Kong (National Security Law 2020), South China Sea.
• North Korea: Nuclear programme (DPRK's six nuclear tests), denuclearisation talks, Six-Party Talks, JCPOA-like framework prospects.
• Quad (Australia, India, Japan, US): Indo-Pacific security framework; AUKUS (Australia, UK, US — nuclear-powered submarines).

Middle East

• Arab-Israeli conflict: 1948, 1956, 1967 (Six Day War), 1973 (Yom Kippur); Oslo Accords (1993); two-state solution; Gaza conflict (2023–).
• Iran: Nuclear deal (JCPOA 2015), US withdrawal (2018); Iran-Saudi rivalry (Shia-Sunni); Abraham Accords (2020).
• Syria: Civil war (2011–), IS rise and decline, Turkey-Kurd conflict, Russia-Iran support for Assad.

Europe

• NATO: Article 5 collective defence; eastward expansion; Russia-Ukraine War (2022–).
• European Union: Brexit (2020); democratic backsliding (Poland, Hungary); EU enlargement (Western Balkans, Ukraine candidacy 2022).

Africa and Latin America

• Africa: African Union Peace and Security Council; ECOWAS; Sahel instability; China's economic footprint; India-Africa Forum Summit.
• Latin America: OAS; MERCOSUR; Brazil's global ambitions; Venezuela crisis; US-Cuba relations.

Unit 5: International Security Studies

• Concept of Security: Traditional (military) vs. non-traditional security; human security (UNDP 1994 — seven dimensions); comprehensive security; environmental, economic, health, food security.
• Nuclear Security: NPT (1968) — five NWS, three de-facto nuclear states (India, Pakistan, Israel), DPRK withdrawal; CTBT (not entered into force); TPNW (2021); India's nuclear doctrine (triad, no-first-use, massive retaliation).
• Terrorism and Counter-terrorism: UNSC Resolution 1373 (2001); FATF grey/black lists; ISISand its territorial defeat; lone-wolf attacks; India's cross-border terrorism concerns; SCO RATS.
• Cyber Security: Tallinn Manual; cyberwarfare (Stuxnet); AI-enabled warfare; norm-building in cyberspace; India's National Cyber Security Policy.
• Maritime Security: UNCLOS (1982); freedom of navigation; piracy (Gulf of Aden, Strait of Malacca); South China Sea arbitration (Philippines v. China, 2016); Indian Ocean Region (IOR) security architecture.
• Peace and Conflict Resolution: Mediation, arbitration, sanctions; UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO); DDR (disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration); Atrocities Crimes (genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing) — ICC, R2P.

Unit 6: International Law

• Sources: ICJ Statute Article 38 — treaties, customary international law (state practice + opinio juris), general principles, judicial decisions, publicists.
• Subjects: States (recognition, statehood criteria — Montevideo Convention 1933), international organisations, individuals (Nuremberg legacy), MNCs, NGOs.
• Treaty Law: VCLT (1969) — pacta sunt servanda, reservations, grounds for invalidity, termination (rebus sic stantibus).
• Jurisdiction and Immunity: Territorial, nationality, passive personality, protective, universal jurisdiction; state immunity (Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act); diplomatic immunity (VCDR 1961).
• International Dispute Settlement: ICJ (contentious cases + advisory opinions, jurisdiction — consent; compulsory under Optional Clause); ITLOS; WTO DSM; ICSID; PCA.
• International Humanitarian Law (IHL): Four Geneva Conventions (1949) + Additional Protocols; distinction, proportionality, military necessity; laws of armed conflict; ICRC.
• Human Rights Law: UDHR (1948); ICCPR; ICESCR; UNHRC (Universal Periodic Review); regional systems (ECHR, IACHR, ACHPR); India's reservations.
• Law of the Sea: UNCLOS (1982) — baseline, territorial sea (12 nm), contiguous zone (24 nm), EEZ (200 nm), continental shelf, deep seabed (Area, common heritage of mankind).

Unit 7: International Political Economy (IPE)

• Theoretical Perspectives: Mercantilism (state-centric, trade surplus); liberalism (comparative advantage, Ricardo; absolute advantage, Adam Smith; Bretton Woods institutions); Marxism/structuralism (dependency theory, imperialism); hegemonic stability theory (Gilpin, Kindleberger).
• Trade and Development: WTO and multilateral trading system; regional trade agreements (FTAs, PTAs, customs unions); North-South trade issues; infant industry protection; Washington Consensus vs. post-Washington Consensus; development finance (ODA, FDI, remittances).
• International Finance: Bretton Woods system (1944–1971); Nixon shock (1971); floating exchange rates; IMF conditionality; Asian financial crisis (1997); global financial crisis (2008); sovereign debt crises.
• Global Value Chains (GVCs): Fragmentation of production; FDI patterns; MNCs and transfer pricing; reshoring/friend-shoring post-COVID-19.
• Economic Sanctions: Primary, secondary, smart (targeted) sanctions; Iran, Russia, North Korea sanctions regimes; effectiveness debate.
• Digital Economy and Trade: E-commerce rules; data localisation; digital services tax; platform regulation; DEPA (Digital Economy Partnership Agreement).

Unit 8: Diplomacy and Negotiation

• History of Diplomacy: Greek city-state proxenoi; Italian Renaissance resident ambassadors; Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the state system; Congress of Vienna (1815) and modern diplomacy; Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961).
• Types of Diplomacy: Bilateral vs. multilateral; public diplomacy and soft power; track-1, track-1.5, track-2 diplomacy; crisis diplomacy; coercive diplomacy (Blechman & Kaplan); digital diplomacy (twiplomacy).
• Negotiation Theory: Integrative vs. distributive bargaining; BATNA (Fisher & Ury, Getting to Yes); two-level games (Putnam); linkage politics; confidence-building measures (CBMs).
• Arms Control and Disarmament: NPT; CTBT; CWC (1993); BWC (1972); Ottawa Treaty (Landmines, 1997); New START (2021, extended to 2026); INF Treaty collapse (2019); TPNW (2021); Wassenaar Arrangement; MTCR; NSG.
• Indian Diplomacy: Ministry of External Affairs structure; Indian Foreign Service (IFS); India's multilateral engagement (UNSC non-permanent member 2021–22; G20 presidency 2023; SCO membership 2017); diaspora diplomacy (Indian diaspora ~32 million).

Unit 9: Environment, Climate Change, and Global Commons

• Environmental Diplomacy: Stockholm Conference (1972) — UNEP; Brundtland Commission (1987) — sustainable development; Rio Earth Summit (1992) — UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD; Rio+20 (2012).
• Climate Change Regime: Kyoto Protocol (1997) — Annex I countries, CDM, JI, emissions trading; Copenhagen (2009) failure; Paris Agreement (2015) — NDCs, 1.5°C goal, Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR); COP28 (Dubai, 2023) — first global stocktake, fossil fuel transition language; Loss and Damage Fund.
• Global Commons: UNCLOS — high seas and deep seabed; Outer Space Treaty (1967) — Moon, exploration; Antarctica — Antarctic Treaty System (1959), Madrid Protocol (1991); cyber commons.
• Biodiversity and Oceans: CBD; Nagoya Protocol (2010); Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) — 30×30 target; BBNJ Treaty (2023 — biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction); ocean acidification; plastic pollution treaty negotiations.
• India and Climate: India's NDCs — 500 GW renewable by 2030, net zero by 2070; International Solar Alliance (ISA); Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI); India's demand for climate finance and technology transfer.

Unit 10: Contemporary Global Issues

• Globalisation: Hyperglobalisation vs. deglobalisation; cultural globalisation; anti-globalisation movements; WEF; Davos consensus; backlash — populism, protectionism.
• Migration and Refugees: UNHCR and 1951 Refugee Convention; non-refoulement; Rohingya crisis; Syrian refugee crisis; climate-induced displacement; Bangladesh/India-Myanmar border; EU migration politics.
• Health and Pandemics: IHR (2005); COVID-19 — WHO response, vaccine nationalism, COVAX, TRIPS waiver debate; Pandemic Treaty negotiations (WHO, 2024); One Health approach; AMR (antimicrobial resistance).
• Technology and Global Order: AI governance — EU AI Act (2024), G7 Hiroshima AI Process; 5G geopolitics (Huawei and Clean Network); semiconductor supply chain; quantum computing and security; space race (Artemis Accords vs. China-Russia cooperation; Chandrayaan-3, 2023).
• Russia-Ukraine War (2022–): NATO enlargement debate; UN Charter violations; sanctions and energy security; grain deal; global food price inflation; post-war reconstruction; ICJ case (Ukraine v. Russia); accountability debates.
• India in the World: India's G20 presidency (2023) — "One Earth, One Family, One Future"; Voice of Global South Summit; India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC); India-US I2U2 grouping; India-EU FTA negotiations; India's role in Global South.

Important Books for UGC NET International Studies

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the eligibility for UGC NET International Studies?

Candidates must hold an MA/M.Phil. in International Studies, International Relations, Political Science (with IR specialisation), or an equivalent qualification with at least 55% marks (50% for reserved categories) from a recognised university.

How many questions come from IR theory?

Unit 1 (Theories) typically yields 12–15 questions. Realism, constructivism, and the English School are the most frequently tested paradigms.

Is current affairs important for UGC NET International Studies?

Yes — approximately 15–20% of Paper II questions test awareness of recent international events, summits, treaties, and conflicts. A monthly current affairs summary from a reliable source is essential.

Can Political Science graduates appear for this subject?

Yes, provided their postgraduate degree includes significant IR content. Many universities combine Political Science and International Relations at the PG level.

UGC NET अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अध्ययन सिलेबस 2025-26 — सम्पूर्ण इकाईवार मार्गदर्शिका

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अध्ययन एक अंतःविषय विषय है जो राजनीति विज्ञान, इतिहास, अर्थशास्त्र और कानून को वैश्विक स्तर पर जोड़ता है। इस लेख में आप NTA के नवीनतम पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार प्रत्येक इकाई का विस्तृत विवरण पाएंगे।

परीक्षा पैटर्न

इकाई 1: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों के सिद्धांत और दृष्टिकोण

पारंपरिक सिद्धांत

• आदर्शवाद/उदारवाद: वुड्रो विल्सन के 14 Points; राष्ट्र संघ; लोकतांत्रिक शांति सिद्धांत; Norman Angell; परस्पर-निर्भरता सिद्धांत (Keohane & Nye); नव-उदारवादी संस्थावाद।
• यथार्थवाद: Thucydides; Morgenthau के राजनीतिक यथार्थवाद के छह सिद्धांत; शक्ति के रूप में राष्ट्रीय हित; शक्ति संतुलन; सुरक्षा दुविधा (Herz)।
• नव-यथार्थवाद: Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (1979); अराजकता; क्षमता वितरण; आक्रामक vs. रक्षात्मक यथार्थवाद।
• नव-उदारवादी संस्थावाद: Keohane की After Hegemony; संस्थाएं लेन-देन लागत कम करती हैं; जटिल परस्पर-निर्भरता।

आलोचनात्मक एवं उत्तर-प्रत्यक्षवादी सिद्धांत

• रचनावाद (Constructivism): Alexander Wendt — "अराजकता वही है जो राज्य बनाते हैं"; पहचान, मानदंड और हितों का सामाजिक निर्माण।
• मार्क्सवाद/निर्भरता सिद्धांत: Cardoso, Frank; Wallerstein का विश्व-प्रणाली सिद्धांत; Gramsci का आधिपत्य।
• नारीवादी IR: Cynthia Enloe; Ann Tickner; सुरक्षा, युद्ध और कूटनीति का लैंगिककरण।
• अंग्रेजी विद्यालय: Bull की Anarchical Society; अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समाज; प्राथमिक संस्थाएं (संप्रभुता, कूटनीति, युद्ध)।

इकाई 2: विदेश नीति विश्लेषण

• विश्लेषण के स्तर: व्यक्तिगत (नेता, मनोविज्ञान), घरेलू (जनमत, हित समूह), प्रणालीगत (ध्रुवता, आधिपत्य)।
• निर्णय-निर्माण मॉडल: तर्कसंगत अभिनेता मॉडल; संगठनात्मक प्रक्रिया मॉडल; सरकारी राजनीति मॉडल (Allison)।
• विदेश नीति उपकरण: कूटनीति; आर्थिक उपकरण (प्रतिबंध, सहायता); सैन्य (निरोध, जबरदस्ती); सॉफ्ट पावर।
• भारत की विदेश नीति: पंचशील (1954); गुटनिरपेक्षता (NAM, 1961); गुजराल सिद्धांत (1996); लुक ईस्ट/एक्ट ईस्ट; नेबरहुड फर्स्ट; इंडो-पैसिफिक; परमाणु सिद्धांत (NFU)।
• चीन की विदेश नीति: पाँच सिद्धांत; "शांतिपूर्ण उदय"; BRI; Wolf Warrior कूटनीति; AIIB, SCO।

इकाई 3: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन और वैश्विक शासन

• संयुक्त राष्ट्र प्रणाली: चार्टर (1945); प्रमुख अंग — GA, UNSC (P5 + 10 निर्वाचित), Secretariat, ICJ, ECOSOC; Chapter VII — बाध्यकारी; R2P (2005)।
• UN विशेष एजेंसियां: UNESCO, WHO, FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF; IMF, विश्व बैंक समूह।
• WTO: GATT → WTO (1995); MFN और राष्ट्रीय व्यवहार; DSM; दोहा दौर।
• क्षेत्रीय संगठन: EU (Single Market, Eurozone); ASEAN (1967); AU (2002); SAARC; SCO; BRICS (+6 नए सदस्य 2024)।

इकाई 4: क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन

दक्षिण एशिया

• भारत-पाकिस्तान: विभाजन, कश्मीर विवाद (UN प्रस्ताव 47/1948), शिमला समझौता (1972), कारगिल युद्ध (1999), परमाणु परीक्षण (1998)।
• भारत-चीन: 1962 युद्ध, पंचशील, LAC विवाद, डोकलाम (2017), गलवान (2020)।

पूर्व एशिया

• चीन-अमेरिका: व्यापार युद्ध (2018), ताइवान स्ट्रेट तनाव, 5G भू-राजनीति।
• उत्तर कोरिया: परमाणु कार्यक्रम; Six-Party Talks; DPRK के 6 परमाणु परीक्षण।
• Quad: ऑस्ट्रेलिया, भारत, जापान, अमेरिका — Indo-Pacific सुरक्षा; AUKUS।

मध्य पूर्व

• अरब-इज़राइल: 1948, 1967 (Six Day War), 1973 (Yom Kippur); Oslo Accords (1993); Gaza संघर्ष (2023–)।
• ईरान: JCPOA (2015), US withdrawal (2018); Abraham Accords (2020)।

इकाई 5: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अध्ययन

• सुरक्षा की अवधारणा: पारंपरिक (सैन्य) vs. गैर-पारंपरिक; मानव सुरक्षा (UNDP 1994 — 7 आयाम)।
• परमाणु सुरक्षा: NPT (1968); CTBT; TPNW (2021); भारत का परमाणु सिद्धांत (NFU, massive retaliation, triad)।
• आतंकवाद: UNSC प्रस्ताव 1373 (2001); FATF; SCO-RATS; ISIS।
• साइबर सुरक्षा: Tallinn Manual; Stuxnet; AI-enabled warfare; भारत की National Cyber Security Policy।
• समुद्री सुरक्षा: UNCLOS (1982); FONOP; South China Sea Arbitration (2016); IOR सुरक्षा ढांचा।

इकाई 6: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानून

• स्रोत: ICJ Statute अनुच्छेद 38 — संधियां, प्रथागत IL, सामान्य सिद्धांत, न्यायिक निर्णय।
• संधि कानून: VCLT (1969) — pacta sunt servanda; आरक्षण; समाप्ति।
• विवाद निपटान: ICJ; ITLOS; WTO DSM; ICSID; PCA।
• IHL (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानवतावादी कानून): चार जिनेवा अभिसमय (1949); distinction, proportionality, military necessity; ICRC।
• मानवाधिकार कानून: UDHR (1948); ICCPR; ICESCR; UNHRC-UPR; क्षेत्रीय प्रणालियां।
• समुद्री कानून (UNCLOS 1982): बेसलाइन, territorial sea (12 nm), EEZ (200 nm), continental shelf।

इकाई 7: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था (IPE)

• सैद्धांतिक दृष्टिकोण: वाणिज्यवाद (Mercantilism); उदारवाद (Ricardo, Adam Smith); मार्क्सवाद/संरचनावाद; आधिपत्य स्थिरता सिद्धांत।
• व्यापार और विकास: WTO, FTAs, PTAs; Washington Consensus vs. Post-Washington Consensus; ODA, FDI, remittances।
• अंतर्राष्ट्रीय वित्त: Bretton Woods (1944–1971); Nixon shock; Asian financial crisis (1997); GFC (2008)।
• GVCs: उत्पादन विखंडन; FDI पैटर्न; post-COVID-19 reshoring/friend-shoring।
• आर्थिक प्रतिबंध: Primary, secondary, smart sanctions; ईरान, रूस, उत्तर कोरिया।
• डिजिटल अर्थव्यवस्था: E-commerce नियम; data localisation; DEPA।

इकाई 8: कूटनीति और वार्ता

• कूटनीति का इतिहास: वेस्टफेलिया शांति (1648); वियना कांग्रेस (1815); VCDR (1961)।
• कूटनीति के प्रकार: द्विपक्षीय/बहुपक्षीय; सार्वजनिक कूटनीति और soft power; track-1/1.5/2; संकट कूटनीति; digital diplomacy।
• वार्ता सिद्धांत: Integrative vs. distributive bargaining; BATNA; two-level games (Putnam)।
• शस्त्र नियंत्रण: NPT; CTBT; CWC; BWC; New START; TPNW; Wassenaar Arrangement; MTCR; NSG।
• भारतीय कूटनीति: MEA; IFS; G20 अध्यक्षता 2023; UNSC 2021–22; SCO सदस्यता 2017; प्रवासी कूटनीति (~32 मिलियन)।

इकाई 9: पर्यावरण, जलवायु परिवर्तन और वैश्विक समानताएं

• पर्यावरण कूटनीति: Stockholm (1972); Brundtland (1987); Rio (1992) — UNFCCC, CBD; Rio+20 (2012)।
• जलवायु व्यवस्था: Kyoto Protocol (1997); Paris Agreement (2015) — NDCs, 1.5°C लक्ष्य, CBDR; COP28 (दुबई, 2023) — global stocktake, fossil fuel transition; Loss and Damage Fund।
• वैश्विक समानताएं: UNCLOS — High Seas; Outer Space Treaty (1967); Antarctic Treaty System (1959); cyber commons।
• जैव विविधता: CBD; Nagoya Protocol; Kunming-Montreal Framework (2022) — 30×30; BBNJ Treaty (2023)।
• भारत और जलवायु: 500 GW नवीकरणीय 2030 तक; net zero 2070; ISA; CDRI; जलवायु वित्त और प्रौद्योगिकी हस्तांतरण की मांग।

इकाई 10: समकालीन वैश्विक मुद्दे

• वैश्वीकरण: Hyperglobalisation vs. deglobalisation; सांस्कृतिक वैश्वीकरण; populism और protectionism।
• प्रवासन और शरणार्थी: 1951 Refugee Convention; non-refoulement; Rohingya संकट; climate-induced displacement।
• स्वास्थ्य और महामारी: IHR (2005); COVID-19 — vaccine nationalism, COVAX, TRIPS waiver; Pandemic Treaty वार्ता; One Health; AMR।
• प्रौद्योगिकी और वैश्विक व्यवस्था: AI governance — EU AI Act (2024); 5G भू-राजनीति; semiconductor supply chain; Artemis Accords; Chandrayaan-3 (2023)।
• रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध (2022–): NATO विस्तार; UN Charter उल्लंघन; खाद्य मूल्य मुद्रास्फीति; ICC जवाबदेही।
• वैश्विक मंच पर भारत: G20 अध्यक्षता (2023); Voice of Global South; IMEC; I2U2; India-EU FTA वार्ता।

महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न

UGC NET अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अध्ययन के लिए पात्रता क्या है?

अभ्यर्थी के पास अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अध्ययन, IR, राजनीति विज्ञान (IR विशेषज्ञता) या समकक्ष विषय में न्यूनतम 55% (आरक्षित: 50%) के साथ MA/M.Phil. होना चाहिए।

IR सिद्धांत से कितने प्रश्न आते हैं?

Unit 1 से 12–15 प्रश्न आते हैं। Realism, Constructivism और English School सबसे अधिक परीक्षित paradigms हैं।

क्या करेंट अफेयर्स महत्वपूर्ण है?

हां, Paper II के लगभग 15–20% प्रश्न हालिया अंतर्राष्ट्रीय घटनाओं, शिखर सम्मेलनों और संधियों पर आधारित होते हैं।