UGC NET Santhali Syllabus 2026 – Complete Guide to Santhali Literature and Language
Santhali holds a unique place among India's constitutionally recognised languages: it is the only Austro-Asiatic language in the 8th Schedule — a fundamentally different language family from the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages that dominate the list. Spoken by the Santal people — one of India's largest tribal communities — across Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, and Assam, Santhali has a cultural depth that stretches from one of South Asia's most remarkable script inventions to a living oral tradition of extraordinary richness. For UGC NET aspirants, Santhali is the story of a people who created their own script, preserved their own history, and built a modern literature on both foundations. This guide covers the complete UGC NET Santhali syllabus.
👉 UGC NET Bodo Syllabus 2026 — another tribal language in the 8th Schedule; added in 2003 along with Santhali
Santhali Language — Linguistic Profile
Santhali belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family — specifically the Munda sub-family within Austro-Asiatic. This places it in a completely different language family from Hindi, Bengali, and Odia (all Indo-Aryan) — even though Santhali is spoken across the same geographic areas as these languages. The Munda sub-family includes Mundari, Ho, Korku, and Kharia — all tribal languages of eastern and central India. Austro-Asiatic itself is one of the world's ancient language families, with branches in Southeast Asia (Khmer, Mon, Vietnamese) as well as South Asia (Munda languages).
Santhali has several dialects corresponding to different geographic regions — the Santhali spoken in Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha have some variation, though they are mutually intelligible. The language has a rich system of verb morphology and a distinctive phonological character quite different from Indo-Aryan languages.
Santhali is written in Ol Chiki script — an indigenous script invented specifically for Santhali. It is also written in Devanagari, Bengali, and Odia scripts. Santhali was added to the 8th Schedule in 2003 through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment — along with Bodo, Dogri, and Maithili.
Ol Chiki Script — Raghunath Murmu's Creation
The Ol Chiki script is one of the most significant achievements in modern South Asian cultural history — an entirely original alphabet, created specifically for Santhali, by a single inventor in the early 20th century. Pandit Raghunath Murmu (1905–1982) created Ol Chiki in 1925. The name "Ol Chiki" comes from Santhali itself: ol means "writing/script" and chiki means "to learn."
Before Ol Chiki, Santhali had been written in various borrowed scripts — Roman (used by missionaries), Devanagari, Bengali, and Odia — none of which were well-suited to Santhali's phonology. Raghunath Murmu created Ol Chiki specifically to represent all the sounds of Santhali accurately, including sounds that no borrowed script could capture cleanly. Each character in Ol Chiki was modelled on an object from the natural world — the shapes of leaves, animals, and tools — making the script a visual representation of Santhali's relationship with nature.
Raghunath Murmu is known as Guru Gomke — "Great Teacher" in Santhali — a title that reflects his status not just as a writer but as a cultural and intellectual leader of the Santal people. He wrote plays, poetry, and stories in Ol Chiki Santhali, demonstrating that his script could carry a full literary tradition. He founded schools and institutions for teaching Ol Chiki and spent his life promoting its adoption.
👉 UGC NET Maithili Syllabus 2026 — 2003 batch; spoken in the same eastern India belt as Santhali
Santhali Oral Tradition
Santhali oral literature is one of the richest in South Asia — a tradition that predates any written form by centuries. The central cosmological narrative of the Santal people is the Thapna (also called Binti or the Santal creation narrative) — the story of the creation of the world and the origin of the Santal people. This is performed at major festivals and encodes the community's understanding of its own origin and identity.
Santhali oral literature also includes:
- Dak Bonga songs: Songs addressed to the sun deity (Dak Bonga is the Santal sun god) and performed during the Sohrae (harvest festival)
- Baha songs: Songs for the Baha (spring flower) festival — one of the most important Santal festivals, celebrating the new year and the blossoming of Sal and Mahua trees
- Donga (folk tales): Narrative folk stories dealing with the moral and social world of Santal communities
- Jium Sohorai: Songs for the cattle worship festival — celebrating the central role of cattle in Santal agriculture and life
The Santali Hul — The 1855 Rebellion in Literature
The Santali Hul (Hul = uprising/rebellion) of 1855–56 is the defining moment in Santal historical memory and a major theme in Santhali literature. Led by the brothers Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu from Bhagnabadi village (present-day Jharkhand), the Hul was a massive armed uprising of the Santal people against the oppressive zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), and British colonial administration. At its height, tens of thousands of Santals participated.