UGC NET Archaeology Syllabus 2026 – Complete Guide, Unit-wise Topics, Exam Pattern & Career Scope
UGC NET Archaeology is a rigorous paper that combines fieldwork science, cultural history, and analytical methods to reconstruct human pasts. India's extraordinarily rich archaeological heritage — from the Indus Valley to the medieval period — provides a rich context for this discipline. This guide covers the complete UGC NET Archaeology syllabus 2026, exam pattern, unit-wise breakdown, essential texts, and career opportunities.
UGC NET Archaeology Exam Pattern 2026
UGC NET Archaeology Paper 2 Syllabus – Unit Wise
Unit 1 – Introduction to Archaeology
- Definition and scope: Archaeology as the study of human past through material remains; branches — prehistoric, classical, medieval, industrial, underwater, landscape, aerial
- History of archaeology: Antiquarianism; development of scientific archaeology; Schliemann (Troy); Flinders Petrie (stratigraphy); Sir Mortimer Wheeler (grid excavation method); V. Gordon Childe (Urban Revolution)
- Archaeological theory: Culture-historical approach; Processual archaeology (Lewis Binford — "New Archaeology"); Post-processual archaeology (Ian Hodder — contextual/interpretive); Cognitive archaeology; Phenomenology
- Archaeological record: Artefacts; Features; Ecofacts; Sites; Landscapes; Stratigraphy (law of superposition)
- Archaeology in India: ASI history — Alexander Cunningham (first DG, 1861); John Marshall; Mortimer Wheeler (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro); B.B. Lal; S.R. Rao; R.S. Bisht (Dholavira)
Unit 2 – Pre-historic Archaeology of India
- Palaeolithic: Lower (Acheulean tools — handaxe, cleaver); Middle (flake tools — Levalloisian); Upper (blade tools — Bhimbetka); associated fauna (Sivapithecus, Ramapithecus)
- Mesolithic: Microlithic tools; Langhnaj (Gujarat); Bagor (Rajasthan); rock art (Bhimbetka continued); hunting-gathering communities
- Neolithic: South India (Brahmagiri, Piklihal, Utnur — ash mounds); North India (Burzahom, Gufkral — Kashmir — pit dwellings); Northeast (Daojali Hading)
- Chalcolithic: Kayatha; Ahar; Malwa; Jorwe; Navdatoli (Malwa ware); multiple Chalcolithic cultures of the Deccan and Central India
- Iron Age and Megalithic: South India — megalithic burials (cist graves, cairn circles); Black and Red Ware (BRW) culture; Hallur; Kodumanal; Brahmagiri excavations
Unit 3 – Indus Valley / Harappan Civilisation
- Discovery: Harappa (1921 — Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni); Mohenjo-daro (1922 — R.D. Banerji); subsequent sites — Kalibangan, Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Ganweriwala, Banawali
- Urban planning: Grid-planned streets; citadel and lower town; burnt brick construction; drainage system; granaries; Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro)
- Material culture: Seals (steatite — Pashupati seal, unicorn, humped bull); weights and measures (standardised); pottery (red with black designs); terracotta figurines; bronze casting
- Trade: Evidence of contact with Mesopotamia; Harappan objects in Ur; lapis lazuli from Afghanistan; carnelian beads; Gulf trade
- Decline theories: Climate change (Saraswati river drying); Aryan invasion (disproven); flooding; internal collapse; desertification
- Script: Undeciphered; boustrophedon direction; 400+ signs; Proto-Dravidian hypothesis
Unit 4 – Historic Archaeology: Mauryan to Gupta Period
- Vedic period: Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture; Hastinapur; Mathura; Indraprastha; Kurukshetra link to Mahabharata archaeology
- Mahajanapada period: Kausambi; Rajagriha; Vaishali; Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW); punch-marked coins
- Mauryan period: Pataliputra palace (Greek ambassador Megasthenes' account); Ashokan pillars; ring wells (drains); terracotta figurines; Mauryan ringwell pottery
- Shunga-Satavahana: Sanchi; Bharhut; Amaravati; Nagarjunakonda; terracotta art
- Kushana period: Gandhara art; Mathura school; Devnimori; coins; Kanishka casket
- Gupta period: Nalanda; Vaishali; Rajghat; brick temples (Bhitargaon); numismatic evidence; iron pillar (Delhi — Chandragupta II)
Unit 5 – Medieval and Early Modern Archaeology
- Temple archaeology: Chalukya temples (Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal); Pallava rock-cut caves (Mahabalipuram); Rashtrakuta (Ellora Kailasa); Chola temples; Hoysala
- Islamic archaeology: Delhi Sultanate structures (Qutb Minar complex, Alai Darwaza, Tughlaqabad); Vijayanagara empire (Hampi — excavations); Mughal monuments
- Colonial archaeology: Impact of colonialism on Indian archaeology; ASI establishment; role of European scholars (Cunningham, Marshall, Sewell, Fergusson)
- Numismatics in archaeology: Classification of coins; punch-marked coins; Kushana gold coins; Gupta coins; coin hoards; mints
Unit 6 – Archaeological Field Methods
- Survey methods: Surface survey; systematic survey; aerial survey; satellite remote sensing; LiDAR; Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR); magnetometry
- Excavation methods: Wheeler's grid method; open area excavation; step trench; sondage; rescue excavation; mitigation
- Stratigraphic recording: Harris Matrix; context recording; site sections; single context recording
- Finds processing: labelling; washing; sorting; photography; drawing; preliminary identification
- Environmental archaeology: flotation for seeds and charcoal; soil sampling; pollen analysis; isotopic analysis; zooarchaeology
- Underwater archaeology: diving techniques; photomosaics; site recording; raising vs. in-situ preservation; NIO (National Institute of Oceanography)
Unit 7 – Scientific Dating Methods
- Relative dating: Stratigraphy; typology; cross-dating; seriation; fluorine/uranium/nitrogen (FUN) test for bone
- Absolute dating: Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating — Libby 1949; half-life 5,730 years; calibration; AMS; range ~50,000 years
- Potassium-Argon (K-Ar): For volcanic minerals; dating ancient fossils (>100,000 years); used for early hominid sites
- Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL): For burnt materials, sediments; used widely in India
- Dendrochronology: Tree rings; used in Europe; limited applications in India
- Archaeomagnetic dating: Direction of magnetic field recorded in fired features; kiln dating
- DNA analysis: Ancient DNA (aDNA); population migrations; genetic relationship; aDNA from IVC individuals (2019 study)