UGC NET Criminology Syllabus 2026 – Complete Guide, Unit-wise Topics, Exam Pattern & Career Scope
UGC NET Criminology is a specialized social science paper that examines crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system through interdisciplinary lenses — drawing from sociology, psychology, law, and public policy. It is an ideal choice for candidates from criminology, sociology, law, or social work backgrounds who want to pursue teaching and research in crime and justice. This guide provides the complete UGC NET Criminology syllabus 2026, exam pattern, unit-wise topics, books, preparation tips, and career scope.
UGC NET Criminology Exam Pattern 2026
UGC NET Criminology Paper 2 Syllabus – Unit Wise
Unit 1 – Introduction to Criminology
This foundational unit covers the definition, scope, history, and interdisciplinary nature of criminology.
- Definition and nature: Criminology as a science; Social science vs. natural science; Relationship with sociology, psychology, law, economics, political science
- Scope of criminology: Crime, criminals, victims, criminal justice system, corrections, crime prevention
- History of criminology: Classical school (Cesare Beccaria — "On Crimes and Punishments", 1764; Jeremy Bentham — utilitarianism and panopticon); Neo-classical school
- Positivist school: Cesare Lombroso — atavism theory, "born criminal"; Enrico Ferri — sociological criminology; Raffaele Garofalo — natural crime
- Chicago School: Social disorganization theory; Park and Burgess — concentric zone theory; Shaw and McKay — delinquency areas
- Types of crime: Traditional crime; White-collar crime (Edwin Sutherland); Organized crime; Cyber crime; Hate crime; State crime; Transnational crime
Unit 2 – Theories of Crime Causation
Understanding why crime occurs is the central question of criminology. This unit covers major theoretical perspectives.
- Biological theories: Lombroso's atavism; XYY chromosome theory; Sheldon's somatotype theory (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph); Neurological factors; Twin and adoption studies
- Psychological theories: Psychoanalytic theory (Freud — id, ego, superego; displacement); Frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard); Bandura's social learning theory; Eysenck's personality theory
- Sociological theories:
- Anomie theory: Émile Durkheim; Robert Merton's strain theory (conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, rebellion)
- Differential association theory: Edwin Sutherland — 9 propositions; learning crime from others
- Social control theory: Hirschi's social bond theory (attachment, commitment, involvement, belief)
- Labeling theory: Howard Becker — master status; primary and secondary deviance
- Conflict theory: Karl Marx; Quinney's social reality of crime; feminist criminology
- Integrated theories: Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory; Life course criminology (Sampson and Laub)
- Routine activity theory: Cohen and Felson — motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardian
Unit 3 – Criminal Law and Procedure in India
- New Criminal Laws 2023: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) replacing IPC 1860; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) replacing CrPC; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) replacing Indian Evidence Act
- Categories of crime: Cognizable vs. non-cognizable offences; Bailable vs. non-bailable; Compoundable vs. non-compoundable
- Criminal investigation: FIR, chargesheet, bail, remand; Role of police, courts, prosecution
- Court structure: Magistrate courts; Sessions court; High Courts; Supreme Court — criminal jurisdiction
- Important provisions: Right to free legal aid; Speedy trial; Plea bargaining (Sections 265A-265L CrPC; now BNSS); Witness protection
- Juvenile justice: Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015; Juvenile Justice Board; Children's Court
- Organized crime legislation: MCOCA; UAPA; NDPS Act 1985; PMLA 2002
Unit 4 – Types of Crime and Criminological Issues
- White-collar crime: Sutherland's definition; corporate crime; financial fraud; tax evasion; money laundering; insider trading
- Organized crime: Mafia structure; drug trafficking; human trafficking; extortion; nexus with politics
- Cyber crime: Hacking; online fraud; identity theft; cyberbullying; dark web; cryptocurrency crime
- Gender-based crimes: Rape (recent law amendments under BNS); domestic violence; acid attacks; stalking; trafficking; honour killings
- Crimes against children: Child abuse; POCSO Act 2012; child labour; child trafficking
- Terrorism: Definition; UAPA; NIA; global terrorism; lone wolf attacks; financing of terrorism
- Environmental crime: Poaching; illegal mining; pollution crimes; Forest Rights Act; NGT
Unit 5 – Penology and Correctional Administration
- Punishment: theories — retributive, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, restorative
- History of punishment: torture; public execution; transportation; imprisonment; modern reforms
- Prison system in India: Model Prison Manual 2016; Prison Act 1894 (now being modernized); types of prisons (central, district, sub-jail, Borstal, open prisons); prison conditions and overcrowding
- Alternatives to imprisonment: probation; parole; fine; community service; halfway houses; electronic monitoring
- Restorative justice: victim-offender mediation; community reparation; circle sentencing; Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
- Rehabilitation: education, vocational training, counselling in prisons; recidivism and its reduction
- Capital punishment: debate in India; cases (Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab; Machhi Singh case — rarest of rare doctrine)
Unit 6 – Victimology
- Definition and scope of victimology; Von Hentig — first systematic victimology; Mendelssohn — victim typology
- Victim precipitation theory: Wolfgang's study of homicide; lifestyle theory; routine activity theory
- Victim rights: right to compensation; witness protection; legal aid; restitution orders
- Compensation schemes in India: NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) victim compensation schemes; state-specific schemes
- Secondary victimization: victim blaming; institutional re-traumatization; media victimization
- Special victims: women, children, elderly, disabled, LGBTQ+ as vulnerable victims
- Crime statistics and victimization surveys: NCRB Crime in India reports; NHRC; NCPCR data
Unit 7 – Juvenile Delinquency
- Definition: Delinquency vs. crime; Age of criminal responsibility in India (7 years — below no liability; 7–18 varies)
- Causes: Family dysfunction; school failure; peer influence; poverty; substance abuse; media influence
- Theories: Subcultural theory (Cohen — delinquent subculture); differential opportunity (Cloward and Ohlin)
- Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015: JJB; CWC; Special Juvenile Police Units; fit persons
- Treatment: Child Welfare Committees; observation homes; special homes; after-care organisations
- Female delinquency: causes; differences from male delinquency; institutional responses