UGC NET June 2026 — Punjabi (Paper 2)
Paper 2 is subject-specific and carries 100 marks (50 questions × 2 marks). All questions are compulsory with no negative marking. A strong grip on Punjabi literary history — from the Guru Granth Sahib to contemporary fiction — is essential for qualifying.
Overview: UGC NET Punjabi Syllabus 2026
UGC NET Punjabi (Subject Code: 32) Paper 2 tests candidates on the complete arc of Punjabi literature, language, and literary criticism. The syllabus spans early medieval compositions preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, the 18th-century Sufi romances of Waris Shah and Bulleh Shah, the colonial-era renaissance led by Bhai Vir Singh, and the post-Partition novels and poetry of Amrita Pritam and Shiv Kumar Batalvi. Literary theory, criticism, and Punjabi linguistics complete the syllabus.
Unit 1: Old and Medieval Punjabi Literature
The earliest Punjabi literary tradition is preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib (compiled 1604 CE by Guru Arjan Dev Ji at Harmandir Sahib; completed in final form 1708 CE by Guru Gobind Singh Ji). It contains compositions by six Sikh Gurus and 30 Bhagats, including Sheikh Farid (13th century), whose Shlokas represent the oldest specimens of Punjabi poetry. The Granth's language blends Punjabi, Braj Bhasha, Persian, and Sanskrit — making it a multilingual monument of devotional literature.
The Sufi poetry tradition produced some of Punjabi literature's most enduring works. Shah Hussain (1538–1599) pioneered the Kafi form — short, intense devotional lyrics. Sultan Bahu (1628–1691) composed Abyat (couplets), characterised by the refrain Hu. Bulleh Shah (1680–1757) elevated the Kafi to its greatest heights; his verses attacking religious orthodoxy and celebrating mystical union remain widely recited today. The Kissas (narrative romances) form another pillar of medieval Punjabi literature. Waris Shah's Heer Ranjha (1766 CE) is the supreme Punjabi romantic epic — a retelling of the folk legend in which Heer becomes a symbol of the human soul's yearning for the divine. Other Kissas: Damodar's earlier Heer, Hashim Shah's Sassi Punnu, and Muqbal's Mirza Sahiban.
Unit 2: Renaissance and Colonial-Era Literature
Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957) is universally acknowledged as the "Father of Modern Punjabi Literature." He pioneered the modern Punjabi novel with Sundri (1898) and Bijay Singh (1899) — historical romances infused with Sikh values. His epic poem Rana Surat Singh employs blank verse to explore spiritual quest. He edited the newspaper Khalsa Samachar, founded Wazir Hind Press, and received the Padma Bhushan (1956) and Sahitya Akademi Fellowship.
Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1954) wrote nature poetry celebrating the Punjab landscape. Puran Singh (1881–1931) introduced free verse into Punjabi poetry, drawing on Walt Whitman. His collection Khule Maidan is considered a landmark in modern Punjabi poetics. Mohan Singh (1905–1978) — known for lyrical romantic verse — is another important figure of this transitional period.
Unit 3: Progressive and Post-Partition Literature
Amrita Pritam (1919–2005) is Punjabi literature's most internationally recognised voice. Her poem "Ajj Aakhaan Waris Shah Nu" (1947) — an anguished invocation of Waris Shah as witness to Partition's carnage — is one of the most powerful poems in any Indian language. Her novel Pinjar (1950), depicting violence inflicted on women during Partition, was later filmed (2003). She received the Jnanpith Award in 1982, becoming the first woman to win it. Her autobiography Rasidi Ticket (1976) is also part of UGC syllabi.
Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973) is called Birha da Sultan (Emperor of Longing). His dramatic poem Loona (1965) — retelling the Puran Bhagat legend from the queen Loona's perspective — won the Sahitya Akademi Award, making Batalvi the youngest-ever recipient at age 28. He died at 36, leaving a small but luminous corpus. Other major figures: Nanak Singh (1897–1971), "father of the Punjabi novel," known for Chitta Lahu and Pavittar Paapi; Gurdial Singh (1933–2016), who received the Jnanpith Award 1999 for works including Marhi da Deeva (1964), depicting rural Punjabi life with unflinching realism.
Unit 4: Punjabi Drama and Recent Fiction
Balwant Gargi (1916–2003) is the most prominent Punjabi playwright; his plays Loha Kut and Sultaan Razia are frequently cited in syllabi. His study Folk Theater of India (1966) brought Punjabi folk performance traditions to international attention. Sant Singh Sekhon's literary criticism — particularly his historical surveys — is foundational for UGC NET. In fiction, Kartar Singh Duggal (1917–2012) explored Partition themes; Dalip Kaur Tiwana (1935–2020) — Sahitya Akademi Award — wrote feminist Punjabi fiction including Kadambari. Contemporary short-story writer Waryam Singh Sandhu examines contemporary rural Punjab. Surjit Patar received the Jnanpith Award 2021 — his collections Hawa Vich Likhe Harf and Birkh Arz Kare are widely studied.