UGC NET Malayalam Syllabus 2026 – Paper 1 & 2 Complete Guide
Malayalam is a South Dravidian language with a distinct identity shaped by its unique blend of Sanskrit, Tamil, Arabic, and Portuguese influences. Its literary tradition spans from the 12th-century Ramacharitam through the Manipravalam experiments to the 20th-century modernist landmark Khasakkinte Ithihasam. UGC NET Malayalam (Paper 2) rewards candidates who understand both the classical tradition and the rich 20th-century prose revival. Malayalam holds a special distinction: G. Sankara Kurup's Odakkuzhal won the very first Jnanpith Award ever given in India (1965).
👉 UGC NET Linguistics Syllabus 2026 — Malayalam's community dialects, diglossia, and South Dravidian classification overlap with Unit VII
UGC NET 2026 Exam Pattern — Malayalam Paper 2
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Paper 1 | Common for all subjects — 50 Qs, 100 marks |
| Paper 2 (Malayalam) | 100 Qs, 200 marks — subject specific |
| Total Marks | 300 |
| Duration | 3 hours (both papers together) |
| Negative Marking | None |
| Mode | Computer-Based Test (CBT) |
| Frequency | Twice a year — June & December |
Paper 1 Overview
Paper 1 covers Teaching Aptitude, Research Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, ICT, and Higher Education Policy — common across all subjects. Target 35+ out of 50. No Malayalam-specific knowledge is needed here.
UGC NET Malayalam Paper 2 Syllabus — All 10 Units
Unit I: History of Malayalam Language and Literature
Malayalam's genesis is debated between two theories: (1) it evolved from Old Tamil as an independent branch of South Dravidian (supported by early Ramacharitam's Tamil-like features); (2) it split from Proto-South-Dravidian independently. The earliest datable text is Ramacharitam (12th century), attributed to Cheeraman — it blends Tamil and Old Malayalam. The Manipravalam style (Sanskrit-Malayalam mixture) dominated medieval literature. Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (16th century) is called the "father of Malayalam language" — his Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatam Kilippattu established a pure Malayalam register that supplanted Manipravalam and Sanskrit. The transition through Old, Middle, and Modern Malayalam is the core of this unit. Inscription evidence (Vazhappally, Thirissur plates from 13th century) provides palaeographic data.
Unit II: Classical and Medieval Malayalam Literature
Ramacharitam (12th century) uses a language close to Old Tamil — it's the earliest literary Malayalam text. Unnunili Sandesam (14th century) is the finest example of the Sandesa Kavya (messenger poem) tradition in pure Manipravalam style. Krishnagatha by Cherusseri (15th century) marks the transition from Manipravalam to modern Malayalam — its simple, devotional language was a deliberate break from Sanskrit heaviness. Ramacharitam's 18th-century scholar-editors, including Elamkulam Kunhan Pillai, fixed its attribution and dating. Ezhuthachan's Kilippattu (parrot-song narrative) tradition gave Malayalam its defining poetic form — a parrot recites the Ramayana/Mahabharata in a flowing metre. UGC tests text identification, Manipravalam characteristics, and Ezhuthachan's contribution.
Unit III: The Modern Triumvirate
The three poets who defined modern Malayalam literature are called the Mahakavi Triad. Kumaran Asan (1873–1924) is the most revolutionary — his Veena Poovu (The Fallen Flower), Chandalabhikshu (challenging untouchability), and Karuna transformed Malayalam poetry from ornamental classicism to socially engaged Romanticism. He was influenced by Sree Narayana Guru's social reform. Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878–1958) wrote Bandhanasthanaya Aniyan (patriotic) and founded Kerala Kalamandalam to preserve Kathakali. Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer (1877–1949) wrote Kerala Sahitya Charitra — a landmark literary history — and composed classical poetry in the Sanskrit tradition. The three represent different aesthetic orientations: Asan (social reform Romanticism), Vallathol (nationalism), Ulloor (classicism). UGC regularly tests the association between each poet and their movement.
Unit IV: Fiction and Drama — Malayalam Prose Tradition
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1908–1994) is the most beloved Malayalam prose writer — his humanist, whimsical fiction challenged both colonialism and communalism. Major works: Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu (My Grandfather Had an Elephant), Balyakalasakhi (Childhood Friends), Pathummayude Aadu (Pathumma's Goat), Mathilukal (Walls). Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1912–1999) received the Jnanpith Award (1984) for Chemmeen (Shrimp) — a tragedy set in the fishing community of Kerala, later made into a National Award-winning film. His Kayar (Coir) chronicles generations of a village. S. K. Pottekat (1913–1982) won the Jnanpith (1980) for Oru Deshattinte Katha. C. V. Raman Pillai wrote the first major Malayalam historical novel Marthanda Varma (1891). Drama: C. J. Thomas brought absurdist theatre; N. Krishna Pillai pioneered realistic social drama.
👉 UGC NET Performing Arts Syllabus 2026 — Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, and Krishnanattam from Kerala are central to the Performing Arts syllabus and overlap with Unit VIII
Unit V: Modern and Contemporary Malayalam Literature
G. Sankara Kurup won the first Jnanpith Award ever given in India (1965) for Odakkuzhal (The Flute). O. V. Vijayan (1930–2005) wrote Khasakkinte Ithihasam (The Legends of Khasak, 1969) — Malaysia's desolate landscapes become the setting for an existential quest in Malayalam's definitive modernist novel. M. T. Vasudevan Nair (b. 1933) won the Jnanpith (1995) for Randamoozham (a retelling of the Mahabharata from Bhima's perspective) and Naalukettu. Kamala Das (Madhavikutty/Kamala Surayya, 1934–2009) wrote ground-breaking confessional poetry in English and Malayalam; her autobiography My Story was controversial and path-breaking. O. N. V. Kurup won the Jnanpith (2007). Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri won the Jnanpith (2019). Contemporary literature: Benyamin's Aadujeevitham (Goat Days), Paul Zacharia, Sarah Joseph. UGC tests Jnanpith associations, movement identification, and author-work pairing.
Unit VI: Malayalam Grammar
Lilathilakam (14th century) is the first formal Malayalam grammar — it discusses Manipravalam's grammatical rules. A. R. Rajaraja Varma wrote Keralapanineeyam (1896) — the definitive modern Malayalam grammar, modelled on Panini's Ashtadhyayi. Hermann Gundert, a German Basel missionary, compiled the first comprehensive Malayalam dictionary and grammar (1872). Grammatical features for the exam: Malayalam has the largest phonemic inventory among South Dravidian languages (53 characters in script), including dental and alveolar nasal distinction. The language shows SOV word order, agglutinative morphology, and a complex system of euphonic rules (sandhi). Kerala Panineeyam's analysis of Malayalam's unique phonological features (especially the retroflex lateral ഴ, the Chillu letters, and long vowels) is tested. The formal versus colloquial register distinction (Granthika vs. Vyavaharika Malayalam) is also examined.
Unit VII: Malayalam Linguistics and Dialectology
Malayalam is classified as South Dravidian — most closely related to Tamil, though it has diverged significantly. Unlike Tamil's strong Sanskrit resistance, Malayalam absorbed Sanskrit extensively (up to 40% Sanskrit vocabulary in formal register). Community dialects are a distinguishing feature of Kerala's sociolinguistics: Mappila Malayalam (Muslim community, influenced by Arabic and Urdu), Syrian Christian Malayalam (influenced by Syriac/Aramaic loanwords), and Namboothiri Brahmin Malayalam (archaic features). Regional dialects: Northern Malayalam (Kozhikode–Kannur area), Central Kerala (Thrissur), and Southern Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram area — closest to Tamil). The Grantha lipi tradition and the current Unicode-standardised Malayalam script are distinct topics. Malayalam's status as a diglossic language — with the formal newspaper/literary variety very different from spoken registers — is frequently tested.