UGC NET Comparative Religion Syllabus 2025-26 — Complete Unit-wise Guide

Comparative Religion is an interdisciplinary field that studies religious traditions side by side — examining their origins, scriptures, beliefs, rituals, and social dimensions. UGC NET Subject Code 28 tests breadth across world religions and depth in methods of study. This comprehensive guide covers the complete 2025–26 syllabus.

Exam Pattern

Unit 1: Methods and Approaches in the Study of Religion

• Definition of Religion: Substantive definitions (Tylor — belief in spiritual beings); functionalist definitions (Durkheim — the sacred vs. profane; social cohesion); phenomenological definitions (Ninian Smart); polythetic approach; Wittgenstein's family resemblance.
• Historical Approach: Max Müller's comparative mythology; evolutionary school (Tylor, Frazer); history-of-religions (Religionswissenschaft); Rudolf Otto — the numinous (mysterium tremendum et fascinans), The Idea of the Holy (1917).
• Phenomenological Approach: Epoché (bracketing); empathetic understanding; Ninian Smart's seven dimensions of religion (doctrinal, mythological, ethical, ritual, experiential, social, material).
• Social-Scientific Approaches: Durkheim — religion as social fact, totemism, collective effervescence; Max Weber — Protestant Ethic thesis, ideal types, disenchantment; Freud — religion as illusion (Oedipus complex, The Future of an Illusion); Marx — religion as opium of the masses, false consciousness.
• Hermeneutics and Postmodern Approaches: Ricoeur's hermeneutics of suspicion vs. retrieval; Gadamer's fusion of horizons; postcolonial critique of Western categories; feminist theology (Ruether, Daly).
• Insider/Outsider Problem: Emic vs. etic perspectives; W.C. Smith's distinction between faith and cumulative tradition; Jonathan Z. Smith — religion as a second-order category.

Unit 2: Hinduism

• Origins and Sources: Vedic religion — Rigveda (c. 1500–1200 BCE), Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda; Brahmanas; Āraṇyakas; Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Kaṭha, Muṇḍaka); Epics (Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa); Purāṇas; Dharmaśāstras.
• Key Concepts: Brahman (ultimate reality); Ātman (individual self); māyā (illusion); saṃsāra (cycle of rebirth); karma (action and consequence); dharma (cosmic order, right conduct); mokṣa (liberation — four paths: jñāna, bhakti, karma, rāja yoga).
• Philosophical Schools (Darśanas): Six orthodox schools — Nyāya (logic), Vaiśeṣika (atomism), Sāṃkhya (dualism), Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, Vedānta; three Vedānta sub-schools: Advaita (Śaṅkara — monism), Viśiṣṭādvaita (Rāmānuja — qualified non-dualism), Dvaita (Madhva — dualism).
• Bhakti Movement: Tamil Āḷvārs and Nāyanmārs (6th–9th c.); Rāmānanda; Kabīr; Mīrābāī; Tukārām; Caitanya; spread across India (12th–17th c.); emphasis on personal devotion, anti-caste.
• Reform Movements: Brahmo Samāj (Rāmmohun Roy, 1828); Ārya Samāj (Dayānanda Sarasvatī, 1875 — Vedic reform, anti-idolatry); Ramakrishna Mission (Vivekananda — universal religion, Vedānta); Theosophical Society (Blavatsky, Olcott, Besant).
• Ritual and Practice: Sacraments (saṃskāras — 16 rites of passage); pilgrimage (tīrtha-yātrā); temple worship (pūjā); caste system (varṇāśrama) and its critique.

Unit 3: Islam

• Origins: Prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE), Mecca; revelations beginning 610 CE; Hijra (622 CE, Mecca to Medina — year 1 AH); conquest of Mecca (630 CE); rapid expansion under Rāshidun Caliphate.
• Core Beliefs (Arkan al-Iman): Tawhid (oneness of God), angels, holy books (Quran as the final), prophets (Adam to Muhammad), Day of Judgment, divine decree (qadar).
• Five Pillars (Arkan al-Islam): Shahada (declaration of faith), Salat (5 daily prayers), Zakat (2.5% alms), Sawm (Ramadan fasting), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca — once if able).
• Quran and Hadith: Quran — 114 surahs; revealed in Arabic; preserved in writing under caliph Uthman (644–656 CE); Hadith — sayings/actions of Prophet; six canonical Hadith collections (Sunni — Bukhari, Muslim, etc.); Sunna as normative practice.
• Islamic Law (Sharia): Four Sunni schools — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii, Hanbali; Shia jurisprudence; ijtihad (independent legal reasoning); primary sources (Quran, Hadith) and secondary (ijma, qiyas).
• Sunni-Shia Division: Succession dispute after Prophet's death (632 CE); Shia — Ali as legitimate successor; Battle of Karbala (680 CE, Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom); Twelver Shia (largest); Ismaili; Ibadi; Wahhabi/Salafi reform.
• Sufism: Mystical tradition; concept of fana (annihilation in God); Silsilas (orders — Qadiriyya, Chishtiyya, Naqshbandiyya, Suhrawardiyya); Ibn Arabi — wahdat al-wujud (unity of being); Rumi (Mawlana); India: Moinuddin Chishti (Ajmer).
• Islam in India: Arab traders (7th c.); Delhi Sultanate (1206); Mughal Empire (Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi, sulh-e-kul); Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan); Deoband vs. Aligarh; Partition and aftermath.

Unit 4: Christianity

• Origins: Jesus of Nazareth (c. 4 BCE – 30 CE), Galilee; baptism by John; ministry, crucifixion (Pontius Pilate), resurrection (core Christian belief); spread through Paul's missionary journeys.
• Core Doctrines: Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit); Incarnation (Word made flesh); Atonement (theories: substitutionary, moral influence, Christus Victor); Resurrection; salvation through faith (Protestantism) or faith + works (Catholicism).
• Bible: Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) + New Testament (27 books — Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John; Acts; Pauline and Catholic epistles; Revelation); canon established by 4th century councils.
• Church History and Denominations: Early Church and councils (Nicaea 325 CE — Nicene Creed; Chalcedon 451 CE); Great Schism (1054 — Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox); Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, 1517 — 95 Theses; Calvin, Knox); Anabaptists; Anglican Church (Henry VIII); modern denominations (Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal).
• Christian Theology: Augustine (original sin, grace, predestination); Aquinas (Summa Theologica, natural theology, five ways); Luther (sola fide, sola scriptura); Calvin (double predestination); Liberation Theology (Gustavo Gutiérrez — preferential option for the poor).
• Christianity in India: St. Thomas tradition (1st c. CE, Kerala); Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries (Goa — Francis Xavier); Syrian Christians (Thomas Christians); Protestant missions (19th c.); contribution to education (universities, schools); Dalit Christianity.

Unit 5: Sikhism

• Ten Gurus: Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1539, founder); Guru Angad (Gurmukhi script); Guru Amar Das; Guru Ram Das (Golden Temple foundation); Guru Arjan Dev (compiled Ādi Granth, martyrdom 1606); Guru Hargobind (Akal Takht, Miri-Piri doctrine); Guru Tegh Bahadur (martyrdom 1675); Guru Gobind Singh (10th, 1666–1708 — Khalsa, Panj Pyare, Dasam Granth); declared Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal living Guru.
• Key Beliefs: Ik Onkar (One God); Waheguru (Wondrous Teacher/Lord); Naam Japna (meditation on God's name); Kirat Karni (honest livelihood); Vand Chakna (sharing with others); Mukti (liberation — union with God); rejection of caste and gender discrimination; absence of clergy.
• Guru Granth Sahib: 1430 pages; compositions by six Gurus plus 15 bhakti poets (Kabir, Farid, Ravidas, Namdev); three languages: Punjabi, Hindi, Persian/Arabic; hymns and prayers (shabads); recited and revered as living Guru.
• Khalsa Panth: Founded 1699, Anandpur Sahib (Vaisakhi); Panj Pyare (Five Beloved); Panj Kakars (5 Ks — Kesh, Kara, Kachera, Kirpan, Kangha); amrit ceremony (pahul); Sikh Code of Conduct (Sikh Rehat Maryada).
• Sikh History: Mughal persecution; Banda Bahadur; 12 Misls; Sikh Empire (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1801–1839, Lahore); Anglo-Sikh Wars; Partition (1947); Akali movement; Anandpur Resolution; Operation Blue Star (1984).

Unit 6: Zoroastrianism and Other Iranian Religions

• Zoroaster (Zarathushtra): Dates disputed (c. 1500–600 BCE); revelation near Airyana Vaejah; Gathas — oldest Zoroastrian hymns (17 hymns in Avesta); commissioned by Ahura Mazda.
• Core Beliefs: Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord — good); Angra Mainyu / Ahriman (destructive spirit — evil); cosmic dualism; free will; Spenta Mainyu (Holy Spirit); Asha (truth, cosmic order) vs. Druj (lie); three pillars — Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta (good thoughts, words, deeds).
• Avesta: Sacred scripture — Yasna (liturgy), Visperad, Yashts, Vendidad (Videvdat), Khordeh Avesta; Gathas as oldest and most sacred layer.
• Eschatology: Individual judgment; Chinvat Bridge; Frashokereti (final renovation of the world); resurrection; Saoshyant (saviour).
• Parsi Community in India: Migration from Persia (7th–10th c., Gujarat, Sanjan); contributions to Indian industry and philanthropy (Tata family); Tower of Silence (dokhma); current demographic decline; conservation debates.

Unit 7: Tribal and Primal Religions

• Concept of Primal Religion: John Taylor; Harvey Whitehouse's modes of religiosity; oral tradition; animism, dynamism, fetishism, shamanism, totemism.
• Common Features: Sacred-profane distinction; rites of passage (Van Gennep — separation, liminality, reincorporation); ancestor veneration; sacred specialists (shamans, priests, witch-doctors); myth and cosmogony; taboo.
• Indian Tribal Religions: Santali — Sarna religion, Marang Buru (Great Mountain); Gondi — Pen (deity); Bhil; Munda (Singbonga); Oraon (Dharmesh); Khasi — matrilineal society, nature veneration; North-East India (Donyi-Polo among Adi, Niao-Bora among Mising).
• Scheduled Tribe and Religion: Constitutional provisions; forest rights; Adivasi identity politics; conversion debates; Sarna code demand (Census 2021).
• African and Indigenous Religions: Ubuntu philosophy; Yoruba Ifa tradition; Australian Aboriginal Dreamtime; Native American spirituality; Maori tikanga.

Unit 8: Inter-religious Dialogue and Pluralism

• Theology of Religions: Exclusivism (Karl Barth — Christ alone); inclusivism (Karl Rahner — anonymous Christians; Vatican II — Nostra Aetate 1965); pluralism (John Hick — Real-centred pluralism; all religions as valid paths to the Real).
• Comparative Theology: Francis Clooney — reading texts across traditions; mutuality without assimilation.
• Interfaith Dialogue: Parliament of the World's Religions (Chicago 1893 — Vivekananda; 1993 Global Ethic — Hans Küng); World Council of Churches; Vatican II; Hindu-Christian dialogue; Buddhist-Christian dialogue.
• Perennial Philosophy: Aldous Huxley; Ananda Coomaraswamy; Frithjof Schuon — transcendent unity of religions.
• Religion and Violence: Mark Juergensmeyer — cosmic war; Rene Girard — scapegoat mechanism; Religion of Violence? debates; religiously motivated terrorism; religion as peacemaker.

Unit 9: Religion and Society

• Secularism: Western secularism (separation of church and state); Indian secularism (sarva dharma sambhāva — equal respect for all religions); secular state and religious minorities; critique (Charles Taylor, Talal Asad).
• Religious Nationalism: Hindutva (Savarkar, Golwalkar, RSS, VHP); Political Islam; Christian nationalism (US); Zionism; Buddhist nationalism (Myanmar, Sri Lanka); Sikh separatism.
• Caste and Religion: Caste system in Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity in India; Ambedkar's critique; Dalit theology; Periyar's rationalism.
• Gender and Religion: Women's ordination debates (Catholic Church, Theravāda Buddhism); purdah/hijab; Sati; female circumcision; ecofeminism and Goddess spirituality (Daly, Christ).
• Religion and Ecology: Lynn White's thesis (Christianity responsible for environmental crisis); Buddhist ecology; Jain ahiṃsā; Hindu sacred geography (rivers, mountains); Islamic khalifa (stewardship); religion in climate negotiations.

Unit 10: New Religious Movements and Contemporary Issues

• New Religious Movements (NRMs): Eileen Barker's typology; cult vs. sect (Troeltsch, Wilson); ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness — A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, 1966); Osho/Rajneesh Movement; Soka Gakkai (Japan → global); Scientology; Baha'i Faith (Iran → 8+ million globally).
• Fundamentalism: American Protestant origins (The Fundamentals, 1910–15); Islamic fundamentalism (Muslim Brotherhood, Wahhabism, Salafism); Hindu fundamentalism; features — scriptural literalism, anti-modernity, strong community boundaries.
• Religion and Science: Conflict thesis (Draper-White); independence model (NOMA — Gould); dialogue and integration (Barbour's typology); creationism vs. evolution debate; consciousness studies and religion; quantum spirituality critiques.
• Religion in the Digital Age: Online communities (digital religion); religion on social media; AI and spirituality; virtual pilgrimage; cyber-rituals during COVID-19.
• Religion in India Today: Article 25–28 of Indian Constitution (freedom of religion); minority rights; conversions and anti-conversion laws; temple legislation; secularism debates; uniform civil code; Sabarimala verdict (2018).

Important Books

FAQs

What background is needed for UGC NET Comparative Religion?

Candidates from Religious Studies, Philosophy, History, Sociology, or any discipline with an MA/M.Phil. covering comparative religion and with 55% marks (50% reserved) from a recognised university are eligible.

How many questions come from Hinduism vs. Islam vs. other religions?

Hinduism (10–15 questions) and Islam (8–12 questions) are the heaviest sections. Sikhism (6–8), Christianity (6–8), and Methods (8–10) are also significant.

Is Comparative Religion a scoring subject?

Yes — it rewards broad reading across traditions. There are few calculation-heavy topics; most questions test conceptual understanding, which responds well to systematic preparation.

UGC NET तुलनात्मक धर्म सिलेबस 2025-26 — सम्पूर्ण इकाईवार मार्गदर्शिका

तुलनात्मक धर्म एक अंतःविषय क्षेत्र है जो धार्मिक परंपराओं की उत्पत्ति, ग्रंथों, विश्वासों, अनुष्ठानों और सामाजिक आयामों की तुलना करता है। इस लेख में आप 2025–26 के सम्पूर्ण पाठ्यक्रम का विस्तृत इकाईवार विवरण पाएंगे।

परीक्षा पैटर्न

इकाई 1: धर्म के अध्ययन की पद्धतियां

• धर्म की परिभाषा: Tylor — आत्मिक प्राणियों में विश्वास (substantive); Durkheim — पवित्र/अपवित्र भेद (functional); Ninian Smart — सात आयाम (phenomenological)।
• ऐतिहासिक दृष्टिकोण: Max Müller की तुलनात्मक पौराणिक कथाएं; E.B. Tylor — animism; Rudolf Otto — नुमिनस (mysterium tremendum et fascinans), The Idea of the Holy (1917)।
• घटनाविज्ञानात्मक दृष्टिकोण: Epoché (bracketing); Ninian Smart के सात आयाम (सैद्धांतिक, पौराणिक, नैतिक, अनुष्ठानिक, अनुभवात्मक, सामाजिक, भौतिक)।
• सामाजिक-वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण: Durkheim — धर्म सामाजिक तथ्य के रूप में, totemism; Weber — Protestant Ethic; Freud — धर्म भ्रम के रूप में; Marx — धर्म "जनता की अफीम।"
• Insider/Outsider समस्या: Emic vs. etic दृष्टिकोण; W.C. Smith — विश्वास vs. संचित परंपरा।

इकाई 2: हिंदू धर्म

• मूल और स्रोत: वैदिक धर्म — ऋग्वेद (c. 1500–1200 BCE), सामवेद, यजुर्वेद, अथर्ववेद; ब्राह्मण; आरण्यक; उपनिषद; महाभारत, रामायण; पुराण; धर्मशास्त्र।
• प्रमुख अवधारणाएं: ब्रह्म (परम सत्य); आत्मन; माया; संसार; कर्म; धर्म; मोक्ष (चार मार्ग: ज्ञान, भक्ति, कर्म, राज योग)।
• दार्शनिक विद्यालय: छह आस्तिक — न्याय, वैशेषिक, सांख्य, योग, मीमांसा, वेदांत; तीन वेदांत उपविद्यालय: अद्वैत (शंकर), विशिष्टाद्वैत (रामानुज), द्वैत (मध्व)।
• भक्ति आंदोलन: तमिल आल्वार-नयनमार (6वीं–9वीं शताब्दी); रामानंद; कबीर; मीराबाई; तुकाराम; चैतन्य; व्यक्तिगत भक्ति, जाति-विरोधी।
• सुधार आंदोलन: ब्रह्म समाज (राममोहन राय, 1828); आर्य समाज (दयानंद सरस्वती, 1875); रामकृष्ण मिशन (विवेकानंद)।

इकाई 3: इस्लाम

• उत्पत्ति: पैगंबर मुहम्मद (570–632 CE), मक्का; 610 CE में प्रथम रहस्योद्घाटन; हिजरा (622 CE); मक्का विजय (630 CE); रशीदुन खलीफाओं के अंतर्गत तीव्र विस्तार।
• मूल विश्वास (अर्कान-अल-ईमान): तौहीद (एकेश्वरवाद), फरिश्ते, पवित्र ग्रंथ, पैगंबर, कयामत का दिन, दैवी नियति (क़दर)।
• पाँच स्तंभ: शहादा, सलात (5 नमाज), जकात (2.5%), सौम (रमजान उपवास), हज।
• कुरान और हदीस: कुरान — 114 सूरह; उथमान के अंतर्गत लिखित रूप में संरक्षित; हदीस — पैगंबर के वचन/कार्य; छह प्रामाणिक हदीस संकलन।
• इस्लामी कानून (शरीया): चार सुन्नी विद्यालय — हनफी, मालिकी, शाफिई, हंबली; इज्तिहाद।
• सुन्नी-शिया विभाजन: उत्तराधिकार विवाद (632 CE); कर्बला की लड़ाई (680 CE); बारहवारी शिया; सूफीवाद — फना; सिलसिला (चिश्ती, कादरी, नक्शबंदी)।
• भारत में इस्लाम: अरब व्यापारी (7वीं शताब्दी); दिल्ली सल्तनत; मुगल साम्राज्य (अकबर का दीन-ए-इलाही); अलीगढ़ आंदोलन।

इकाई 4: ईसाई धर्म

• उत्पत्ति: यीशु नाज़रेथ (c. 4 BCE – 30 CE), गलील; बपतिस्मा; सूली पर चढ़ाना; पुनरुत्थान; पॉल के मिशनरी यात्राओं से प्रसार।
• मूल सिद्धांत: त्रिएकता (पिता, पुत्र, पवित्र आत्मा); अवतार; प्रायश्चित्त; पुनरुत्थान; मोक्ष।
• बाइबिल: पुराना नियम + नया नियम (27 पुस्तकें — सुसमाचार, पत्रियां, प्रकाशितवाक्य)।
• चर्च इतिहास: महान विभाजन (1054 — कैथोलिक vs. रूढ़िवादी); प्रोटेस्टेंट सुधार (लूथर, 1517 — 95 थीसिस); एंग्लिकन, बैप्टिस्ट, मेथोडिस्ट, पेंटेकोस्टल।
• भारत में ईसाई धर्म: सेंट थॉमस परंपरा (1 शताब्दी CE, केरल); फ्रांसिस्कन और जेसुइट मिशनरी; 19वीं शताब्दी के प्रोटेस्टेंट मिशन; दलित ईसाई धर्म।

इकाई 5: सिख धर्म

• दस गुरु: गुरु नानक देव (1469–1539, संस्थापक) से गुरु गोबिंद सिंह (10वें, 1666–1708) तक; खालसा पंथ (1699, आनंदपुर साहिब); गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब को शाश्वत जीवित गुरु घोषित।
• मूल विश्वास: इक ओंकार (एक ईश्वर); नाम जपना, किरत करनी, वंड छकना; जाति और लिंग भेद का अस्वीकार।
• गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब: 1430 पृष्ठ; छह गुरुओं + 15 भक्त कवियों (कबीर, फरीद, रविदास, नामदेव) की रचनाएं।
• खालसा पंथ: पंज प्यारे; पंज ककार — केश, कड़ा, कच्छेरा, कृपाण, कंघा; अमृत संस्कार।
• सिख इतिहास: मुगल उत्पीड़न; 12 मिसलें; महाराजा रंजीत सिंह (1801–1839); एंग्लो-सिख युद्ध; विभाजन (1947)।

इकाई 6: पारसी धर्म

• जरथुष्ट्र: तिथियां विवादित (c. 1500–600 BCE); गाथाएं — अवेस्ता के सबसे प्राचीन भजन; अहुर मज़्दा द्वारा प्रेरित।
• मूल विश्वास: अहुर मज़्दा (बुद्धिमान प्रभु — अच्छाई) vs. अंग्रा मेन्यु (विनाशकारी — बुराई); द्वंद्ववाद; अशा (सत्य, ब्रह्मांडीय व्यवस्था) vs. द्रुज (झूठ); तीन स्तंभ — हुमता, हुख्ता, हवर्श्ता।
• अवेस्ता: यस्ना (लिटर्जी), विस्पेराद, यश्ट, वेंदीदाद, खोर्दे अवेस्ता।
• भारत में पारसी: ईरान से प्रवास (7वीं–10वीं शताब्दी, गुजरात, संजान); टाटा परिवार जैसे उद्योगपति; दखमा (दोख्मा — मौन टॉवर)।

इकाई 7: जनजातीय और आदिम धर्म

• आदिम धर्म: John Taylor; Harvey Whitehouse के religiosity के modes; मौखिक परंपरा; animism, dynamism, totemism, shamanism।
• सामान्य विशेषताएं: पवित्र-अपवित्र भेद; Van Gennep के rites of passage (अलगाव, liminality, पुनर्शामिल); पूर्वज पूजा; shamans।
• भारतीय जनजातीय धर्म: संताली — सरना धर्म, मरांग बुरू; गोंडी — पेन; मुंडा — सिंगबोंगा; उरांव — धर्मेश; खासी — मातृवंशीय समाज; उत्तर-पूर्व भारत — दोन्यी-पोलो।
• सरना कोड की मांग: Census 2021 में अलग धर्म कोड की मांग; Adivasi पहचान राजनीति।

इकाई 8: अंतर-धार्मिक संवाद और बहुलवाद

• धर्मों का धर्मशास्त्र: Exclusivism (Karl Barth); Inclusivism (Karl Rahner; Vatican II — Nostra Aetate 1965); Pluralism (John Hick — Real-centred)।
• Interfaith संवाद: विश्व धर्म संसद (Chicago 1893 — विवेकानंद; 1993 Global Ethic — Hans Küng); Vatican II।
• धर्म और हिंसा: Mark Juergensmeyer — cosmic war; Rene Girard — scapegoat mechanism; धार्मिक आतंकवाद।

इकाई 9: धर्म और समाज

• धर्मनिरपेक्षता: पश्चिमी (चर्च-राज्य पृथक्करण) vs. भारतीय (सर्व धर्म सम्भाव); Charles Taylor और Talal Asad की आलोचना।
• धार्मिक राष्ट्रवाद: हिंदुत्व (सावरकर, गोलवलकर, RSS); राजनीतिक इस्लाम; बौद्ध राष्ट्रवाद (म्यांमार, श्रीलंका)।
• जाति और धर्म: हिंदू धर्म, सिख धर्म, भारत के इस्लाम और ईसाई धर्म में जाति; अंबेडकर की आलोचना; दलित धर्मशास्त्र।
• लिंग और धर्म: महिला पुरोहिती (कैथोलिक, थेरवाद); पर्दा/हिजाब; सती; नारीवादी धर्मशास्त्र।

इकाई 10: नए धार्मिक आंदोलन और समकालीन मुद्दे

• नए धार्मिक आंदोलन (NRMs): Eileen Barker; ISKCON (1966); Osho; Soka Gakkai; Baha'i Faith (8+ मिलियन वैश्विक)।
• कट्टरपंथ: अमेरिकी प्रोटेस्टेंट मूल (The Fundamentals, 1910–15); इस्लामी कट्टरपंथवाद; हिंदू कट्टरपंथवाद।
• धर्म और विज्ञान: Conflict thesis; NOMA (Gould); Barbour की टाइपोलॉजी; सृजनवाद vs. विकासवाद।
• डिजिटल युग में धर्म: ऑनलाइन समुदाय; सोशल मीडिया; COVID-19 के दौरान आभासी तीर्थयात्रा।
• आज का भारत: अनुच्छेद 25–28 (धर्म की स्वतंत्रता); धर्मांतरण और विरोधी-धर्मांतरण कानून; समान नागरिक संहिता; सबरीमाला निर्णय (2018)।

महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न

UGC NET तुलनात्मक धर्म के लिए कौन पात्र है?

धार्मिक अध्ययन, दर्शनशास्त्र, इतिहास या समाजशास्त्र में न्यूनतम 55% (आरक्षित: 50%) के साथ MA/M.Phil. करने वाले अभ्यर्थी पात्र हैं।

कौन से धर्मों से सबसे अधिक प्रश्न आते हैं?

हिंदू धर्म (10–15 प्रश्न) और इस्लाम (8–12 प्रश्न) सबसे अधिक प्रश्नों वाले खंड हैं। सिख धर्म, ईसाई धर्म और पद्धतियों से भी महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न आते हैं।